¿Cuáles eran las velocidades de la Pioneer 10 y la Voyager 1 cuando la Voyager la superó en 1998?

El 14 de febrero de 1998, la Voyager 1 superó a la Pioneer 10 para convertirse en el objeto creado por el hombre más distante en el espacio, a 10 400 millones de kilómetros de la Tierra (69,4 UA del Sol). ¿Cuáles eran las velocidades de la Pioneer 10 y la Voyager 1 cuando la Voyager la alcanzó?

Puedo encontrar una fuente para decir que la velocidad de Voyagers fue de 17 km .

Respuestas (2)

Horizons también brinda datos de rango y tasa de rango en la tabla Observer. Usé el Sol como centro de observación, en lugar del baricentro del Sistema Solar.

El 14 de febrero de 1998 a la medianoche UTC, la Pioneer 10 viajaba a 12,307 km/s y la Voyager 1 viajaba a 17,124 km/s.

El momento en que la Voyager 1 superó a la Pioneer 10 depende de dónde se mida. Y realmente no es posible calcular la hora exacta , ya que los datos de trayectoria de Pioneer 10 son de origen incierto, como se menciona en su archivo de datos del cuerpo de Horizons.

Aquí están las fechas y horas aproximadas de adelantamiento.

Centro Fecha Tiempo
Sol 1998-feb-17 22:00
Baricentro 1998-feb-18 8:00
Tierra 1998-Mar-05 16:00

Aquí están los datos que cubren una semana a ambos lados del 14 de febrero de 1998.

pionero 10

API VERSION: 1.0
API SOURCE: NASA/JPL Horizons API

*******************************************************************************
 Revised: Jul 27, 2005   Pioneer 10 Spacecraft (interplanetary) / (Sun)     -23
                       http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/tmp/1972-012A.html

 BACKGROUND
  This mission was the first to be sent to the outer solar system and the 
  first to investigate the planet Jupiter. After the encounter, it followed 
  an escape trajectory from the solar system. 

  The spacecraft achieved its closest approach to Jupiter on December 4, 1973
  (UTC), when it reached approximately 2.8 Jovian radii (about 200,000 km). 

  The last fully successful acquisition of signal was March 3, 2002. Pioneer 10
  signal at the Earth (<= 185 dBm) is now at DSN threshold limit of reception. 

          Launched            : 1972-03-03 at 01:49:00 UTC
          On-orbit dry mass   : 258 kg
          Nominal Power Output: 165 W

 SPACECRAFT TRAJECTORY: ("pfile10.nio")

  Trajectory was provided by JPL Navigation Team. The JPL Multimission NAV and 
  Solar System Dynamics Group source files merged consist of:
 
     PN10A, PN10B, PN10C, PN10D, PN10E, PN10F, PN10G, DE118
 
  The circumstances pertaining to the regeneration of the above spacecraft
  trajectory source files PN10* are not well known.
 
  DE118 was the standard JPL planet ephemeris for the P10 Jupiter flyby era.

  NOTE: This trajectory is suitable for general historical purposes, but should
  be used cautiously for high precision or tracking data applications. This is 
  due to potential dynamical mismatches between the Pioneer-10 era models 
  and the current modern solutions used by Horizons; for example, the old 
  DE-118 planetary ephemeris solution and the Lieske E3 satellite theory of
  JUP035 of that time, as compared to what is used now. 

  For example, if the Pioneer-10 solutions used here incorporate planet or 
  satellite ephemeris corrections estimated at the time, distance from the 
  satellites returned by Horizons could be slightly different relative to 
  the original solutions. However, the coordinate system transformation from 
  the original DE-118 planetary ephemeris to the modern ICRF frame IS known 
  and computed by Horizons.
*******************************************************************************


*******************************************************************************
Ephemeris / WWW_USER Wed Feb 16 15:46:44 2022 Pasadena, USA      / Horizons    
*******************************************************************************
Target body name: Pioneer 10 (spacecraft) (-23)   {source: pioneer_10}
Center body name: Sun (10)                        {source: pioneer_10}
Center-site name: BODYCENTRIC
*******************************************************************************
Start time      : A.D. 1998-Feb-07 00:00:00.0000 UT      
Stop  time      : A.D. 1998-Feb-21 00:00:00.0000 UT      
Step-size       : 1440 minutes
*******************************************************************************
Target pole/equ : No model available
Target radii    : (unavailable)                                                
Center geodetic : 0.00000000,0.00000000,0.0000000 {E-lon(deg),Lat(deg),Alt(km)}
Center cylindric: 0.00000000,0.00000000,0.0000000 {E-lon(deg),Dxy(km),Dz(km)}
Center pole/equ : IAU_SUN                         {East-longitude positive}
Center radii    : 696000.0 x 696000.0 x 696000.0 k{Equator, meridian, pole}    
Target primary  : Earth
Vis. interferer : None
Rel. light bend : Sun                             {source: pioneer_10}
Rel. lght bnd GM: 1.3271E+11 km^3/s^2                                          
Atmos refraction: NO (AIRLESS)
RA format       : DEG
Time format     : BOTH
EOP file        : eop.220215.p220511                                           
EOP coverage    : DATA-BASED 1962-JAN-20 TO 2022-FEB-15. PREDICTS-> 2022-MAY-10
Units conversion: 1 au= 149597870.700 km, c= 299792.458 km/s, 1 day= 86400.0 s 
Table cut-offs 1: Elevation (-90.0deg=NO ),Airmass     n.a.    , Daylight (NO )
Table cut-offs 2: Solar elongation (  0.0,180.0=NO ),Local Hour Angle( 0.0=NO )
Table cut-offs 3: RA/DEC angular rate (     0.0=NO )                           
Table format    : Comma Separated Values (spreadsheet)
*******************************************************************************
 Date__(UT)__HR:MN:SS, Date_________JDUT, , ,            delta,     deldot,
***************************************************************************
$$SOE
 1998-Feb-07 00:00:00, 2450851.500000000, , , 1.0372872263E+10, 12.3074289,
 1998-Feb-08 00:00:00, 2450852.500000000, , , 1.0373935578E+10, 12.3073459,
 1998-Feb-09 00:00:00, 2450853.500000000, , , 1.0374998885E+10, 12.3072631,
 1998-Feb-10 00:00:00, 2450854.500000000, , , 1.0376062185E+10, 12.3071803,
 1998-Feb-11 00:00:00, 2450855.500000000, , , 1.0377125479E+10, 12.3070975,
 1998-Feb-12 00:00:00, 2450856.500000000, , , 1.0378188765E+10, 12.3070149,
 1998-Feb-13 00:00:00, 2450857.500000000, , , 1.0379252044E+10, 12.3069323,
 1998-Feb-14 00:00:00, 2450858.500000000, , , 1.0380315315E+10, 12.3068498,
 1998-Feb-15 00:00:00, 2450859.500000000, , , 1.0381378580E+10, 12.3067673,
 1998-Feb-16 00:00:00, 2450860.500000000, , , 1.0382441838E+10, 12.3066849,
 1998-Feb-17 00:00:00, 2450861.500000000, , , 1.0383505088E+10, 12.3066026,
 1998-Feb-18 00:00:00, 2450862.500000000, , , 1.0384568331E+10, 12.3065204,
 1998-Feb-19 00:00:00, 2450863.500000000, , , 1.0385631568E+10, 12.3064382,
 1998-Feb-20 00:00:00, 2450864.500000000, , , 1.0386694797E+10, 12.3063560,
 1998-Feb-21 00:00:00, 2450865.500000000, , , 1.0387758019E+10, 12.3062739,
$$EOE
*******************************************************************************
Column meaning:
 
TIME

  Times PRIOR to 1962 are UT1, a mean-solar time closely related to the
prior but now-deprecated GMT. Times AFTER 1962 are in UTC, the current
civil or "wall-clock" time-scale. UTC is kept within 0.9 seconds of UT1
using integer leap-seconds for 1972 and later years.

  Conversion from the internal Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) of solar
system dynamics to the non-uniform civil UT time-scale requested for output
has not been determined for UTC times after the next July or January 1st.
Therefore, the last known leap-second is used as a constant over future
intervals.

  Time tags refer to the UT time-scale conversion from TDB on Earth
regardless of observer location within the solar system, although clock
rates may differ due to the local gravity field and no analog to "UT"
may be defined for that location.

  Any 'b' symbol in the 1st-column denotes a B.C. date. First-column blank
(" ") denotes an A.D. date. Calendar dates prior to 1582-Oct-15 are in the
Julian calendar system. Later calendar dates are in the Gregorian system.

  NOTE: "n.a." in output means quantity "not available" at the print-time.
 
 'delta,     deldot,' =
   Apparent range ("delta", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("delta-dot")
of the target center relative to the observer. A positive "deldot" means the
target center is moving away from the observer, negative indicates movement
toward the observer.  Units: KM and KM/S

Computations by ...

    Solar System Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System
    4800 Oak Grove Drive, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
    Pasadena, CA  91109   USA

    General site: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/
    Mailing list: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/email_list.html
    System news : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/news.html
    User Guide  : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/manual.html
    Connect     : browser        https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/app.html#/x
                  API            https://ssd-api.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/horizons.html
                  command-line   telnet ssd.jpl.nasa.gov 6775
                  e-mail/batch   https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/hrzn_batch.txt
                  scripts        https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/SCRIPTS
    Author      : Jon.D.Giorgini@jpl.nasa.gov

*******************************************************************************

viajero 1

API VERSION: 1.0
API SOURCE: NASA/JPL Horizons API

*******************************************************************************
 Revised: Jan 21, 2015   Voyager 1 Spacecraft (interplanetary) / (Sun)     -31
                         http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/voyager-1/

 BACKGROUND
   See the web-page above for extensive information on the Voyager Mission.

 SPACECRAFT TRAJECTORY:
   This trajectory is composed of two merged sections:

     #1) 1977-Sep-5 to 1986-Jan-1:
          A patched conic mission-design type trajectory in which the conics 
          were constructed to approximately match specific events (such 
          satellite encounters), providing a rough accuracy. 

     #2) 1986-Jan-1 to 2031-Jan-1 (pfile_a54206u)
          Time-extended trajectory provided by Voyager Navigation
*******************************************************************************


*******************************************************************************
Ephemeris / WWW_USER Wed Feb 16 15:59:55 2022 Pasadena, USA      / Horizons    
*******************************************************************************
Target body name: Voyager 1 (spacecraft) (-31)    {source: Voyager_1}
Center body name: Sun (10)                        {source: Voyager_1}
Center-site name: BODYCENTRIC
*******************************************************************************
Start time      : A.D. 1998-Feb-07 00:00:00.0000 UT      
Stop  time      : A.D. 1998-Feb-21 00:00:00.0000 UT      
Step-size       : 1440 minutes
*******************************************************************************
Target pole/equ : No model available
Target radii    : (unavailable)                                                
Center geodetic : 0.00000000,0.00000000,0.0000000 {E-lon(deg),Lat(deg),Alt(km)}
Center cylindric: 0.00000000,0.00000000,0.0000000 {E-lon(deg),Dxy(km),Dz(km)}
Center pole/equ : IAU_SUN                         {East-longitude positive}
Center radii    : 696000.0 x 696000.0 x 696000.0 k{Equator, meridian, pole}    
Target primary  : Earth
Vis. interferer : None
Rel. light bend : Sun                             {source: Voyager_1}
Rel. lght bnd GM: 1.3271E+11 km^3/s^2                                          
Atmos refraction: NO (AIRLESS)
RA format       : DEG
Time format     : BOTH
EOP file        : eop.220215.p220511                                           
EOP coverage    : DATA-BASED 1962-JAN-20 TO 2022-FEB-15. PREDICTS-> 2022-MAY-10
Units conversion: 1 au= 149597870.700 km, c= 299792.458 km/s, 1 day= 86400.0 s 
Table cut-offs 1: Elevation (-90.0deg=NO ),Airmass     n.a.    , Daylight (NO )
Table cut-offs 2: Solar elongation (  0.0,180.0=NO ),Local Hour Angle( 0.0=NO )
Table cut-offs 3: RA/DEC angular rate (     0.0=NO )                           
Table format    : Comma Separated Values (spreadsheet)
*******************************************************************************
 Date__(UT)__HR:MN:SS, Date_________JDUT, , ,            delta,     deldot,
***************************************************************************
$$SOE
 1998-Feb-07 00:00:00, 2450851.500000000, , , 1.0368154427E+10, 17.1248027,
 1998-Feb-08 00:00:00, 2450852.500000000, , , 1.0369633923E+10, 17.1247593,
 1998-Feb-09 00:00:00, 2450853.500000000, , , 1.0371113416E+10, 17.1247159,
 1998-Feb-10 00:00:00, 2450854.500000000, , , 1.0372592905E+10, 17.1246724,
 1998-Feb-11 00:00:00, 2450855.500000000, , , 1.0374072390E+10, 17.1246289,
 1998-Feb-12 00:00:00, 2450856.500000000, , , 1.0375551872E+10, 17.1245854,
 1998-Feb-13 00:00:00, 2450857.500000000, , , 1.0377031349E+10, 17.1245418,
 1998-Feb-14 00:00:00, 2450858.500000000, , , 1.0378510823E+10, 17.1244982,
 1998-Feb-15 00:00:00, 2450859.500000000, , , 1.0379990294E+10, 17.1244545,
 1998-Feb-16 00:00:00, 2450860.500000000, , , 1.0381469760E+10, 17.1244108,
 1998-Feb-17 00:00:00, 2450861.500000000, , , 1.0382949223E+10, 17.1243671,
 1998-Feb-18 00:00:00, 2450862.500000000, , , 1.0384428681E+10, 17.1243233,
 1998-Feb-19 00:00:00, 2450863.500000000, , , 1.0385908137E+10, 17.1242796,
 1998-Feb-20 00:00:00, 2450864.500000000, , , 1.0387387588E+10, 17.1242357,
 1998-Feb-21 00:00:00, 2450865.500000000, , , 1.0388867035E+10, 17.1241919,
$$EOE
*******************************************************************************
Column meaning:
 
TIME

  Times PRIOR to 1962 are UT1, a mean-solar time closely related to the
prior but now-deprecated GMT. Times AFTER 1962 are in UTC, the current
civil or "wall-clock" time-scale. UTC is kept within 0.9 seconds of UT1
using integer leap-seconds for 1972 and later years.

  Conversion from the internal Barycentric Dynamical Time (TDB) of solar
system dynamics to the non-uniform civil UT time-scale requested for output
has not been determined for UTC times after the next July or January 1st.
Therefore, the last known leap-second is used as a constant over future
intervals.

  Time tags refer to the UT time-scale conversion from TDB on Earth
regardless of observer location within the solar system, although clock
rates may differ due to the local gravity field and no analog to "UT"
may be defined for that location.

  Any 'b' symbol in the 1st-column denotes a B.C. date. First-column blank
(" ") denotes an A.D. date. Calendar dates prior to 1582-Oct-15 are in the
Julian calendar system. Later calendar dates are in the Gregorian system.

  NOTE: "n.a." in output means quantity "not available" at the print-time.
 
 'delta,     deldot,' =
   Apparent range ("delta", light-time aberrated) and range-rate ("delta-dot")
of the target center relative to the observer. A positive "deldot" means the
target center is moving away from the observer, negative indicates movement
toward the observer.  Units: KM and KM/S

Computations by ...

    Solar System Dynamics Group, Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System
    4800 Oak Grove Drive, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
    Pasadena, CA  91109   USA

    General site: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/
    Mailing list: https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/email_list.html
    System news : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/news.html
    User Guide  : https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/manual.html
    Connect     : browser        https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/app.html#/x
                  API            https://ssd-api.jpl.nasa.gov/doc/horizons.html
                  command-line   telnet ssd.jpl.nasa.gov 6775
                  e-mail/batch   https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/hrzn_batch.txt
                  scripts        https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/ftp/ssd/SCRIPTS
    Author      : Jon.D.Giorgini@jpl.nasa.gov

*******************************************************************************

Aquí está el archivo por lotes para Pioneer 10. Cambie a COMMANDpara -31Voyager 1.

!$$SOF
MAKE_EPHEM=YES
COMMAND=-23
EPHEM_TYPE=OBSERVER
CENTER='500@10'
START_TIME='1998-Feb-7'
STOP_TIME='1998-Feb-21'
STEP_SIZE='1 DAYS'
QUANTITIES='20'
REF_SYSTEM='ICRF'
CAL_FORMAT='BOTH'
TIME_DIGITS='SECONDS'
ANG_FORMAT='DEG'
APPARENT='AIRLESS'
RANGE_UNITS='KM'
SUPPRESS_RANGE_RATE='NO'
SKIP_DAYLT='NO'
SOLAR_ELONG='0,180'
EXTRA_PREC='NO'
RTS_ONLY='NO'
CSV_FORMAT='YES'
OBJ_DATA='YES'

Aquí está el script que usé, precargado con el archivo por lotes para Pioneer 10.

Adapté mi antiguo script de rango para trazar los rangos de dos objetivos. Aquí hay un gráfico de las distancias desde el Sol hasta Pioneer 10 y Voyager 1. Los tiempos están en UTC. Como se mencionó anteriormente, JPL no está seguro de todos los detalles finos de los datos de trayectoria de Pioneer 10, por lo que debemos tratar estos resultados con cierta precaución. ;)

Gráfico de Pioneer 10 y Voyager 1

Aquí hay un enlace al guión . Utilice @0o @ssbcomo centersi desea un gráfico relativo al baricentro del Sistema Solar. Úselo @399para la Tierra, o @3para el baricentro Tierra-Luna.

nota: creo que la respuesta de @ PM2Ring es muy superior, más informativa y también más precisa.

Usando Horizons de JPL, obtuve los siguientes vectores de estado en las coordenadas del baricentro del sistema solar (más relevantes para naves espaciales tan lejanas) para JD = 2450858.500000000, AD 1998-Feb-14 00: 00: 00. 0000:

Las unidades son kilómetros y kilómetros por segundo.

         Voyager 1                   Pioneer 10    
X  -2.919566485636236E+09      2.447449920541947E+09
Y  -8.063430559193250E+09      1.007319426907179E+10
Z   5.846603741810939E+09      5.514966187314744E+08
R   1.037909226092241E+10      1.03809152976264E+10

Vx -2.167117050187287E+00      1.347428037636978E+00
Vy -1.396081506054589E+01      1.230541520519172E+01
Vz  1.008540978609296E+01      6.313622142272930E-01
Vr  1.735846318132446E+01      1.239505643126838E+01

Entonces, tal vez no estén exactamente a la misma distancia del baricentro en este momento porque no fue exactamente a la medianoche del 14 de febrero, o el 14 de febrero fue la fecha en que estaban equidistantes del Sol en lugar del centro de masa del sol. sistema, pero la diferencia es bastante pequeña, por lo que podemos ignorarla.

¿Cuáles eran las velocidades de la Pioneer 10 y la Voyager 1 cuando la Voyager la superó en 1998?

Voyager 1: 17,36 km/s

Pioneer 10: 12,40 km/s

@AndrewMorton mea culpa xyz son copiar/pegar de Horizons, pero los valores finales fueron de Python y le gusta mostrar dígitos, así que lo anoté científicamente a mano e hice un error tipográfico. Arreglado ahora espero, gracias!
¿Cuáles eran las velocidades de la Pioneer 10 y la Voyager 1 cuando la Voyager la superó en 1998?
RespuestasAquíPolítica de privacidad1y, 0v